Ngā hapa noa, me pēhea te ārai i aua hapa?
Ngā hapa noa i roto i te hanga kōpae parai: te kōhao hau, te porosity whakaheke, te kōhao onepu, me ētahi atu; Ko te karāpeti reo me te momo i roto i te hanganga whakarewa e nui ake ana i te paerewa, i te paerewa rahinga carbide rānei; Ko te pakeke Brinell nui rawa ka arahi ki te tukatuka uaua, ki te pakeke koretake rānei; He taratara te hanganga karāpeti, kāore ngā āhuatanga miihini i te eke ki te paerewa, he ngoikore te taratara i muri i te tukatuka, ā, ka puta te porosity kitea i runga i te mata whakarewa i ētahi wā.
1. Te hanganga me te ārai i ngā kōhao hau: ko ngā kōhao hau tētahi o ngā hapa tino noa o te whakarewanga kōpae parai. He iti, he angiangi ngā wāhanga kōpae parai, he tere te whakamatao me te totoka, ā, he iti noa te tūponotanga o ngā kōhao hau ua me ngā kōhao hau tauhohe. He nui te whakaputanga hau o te matua onepū here hinu ngako. Mena he nui te makuku o te pokepokea ai, ka puta pinepine ngā kōhao hau i roto i te whakarewanga i ēnei āhuatanga e rua. Kua kitea mena ka nui ake te makuku o te onepu pokepokea ai, ka nui ake te tere para o te porosity; I roto i ētahi whakarewanga matua onepū angiangi, ka puta pinepine ngā kōhao (ngā kōhao) me ngā kōhao mata (te anga). Ina whakamahia te tikanga pouaka matua wera onepū pania kapia, he tino kino ngā kōhao nā te nui o te whakaputanga hau; I te nuinga o te wā, he onge noa te korenga o ngā hapa kōhao hau o te kōpae parai me te matua onepū matotoru;
2. Te hanganga o te pūaha hau: ko te hau i hangaia e te matua onepū kōpae o te kōpae parai i te pāmahana teitei ka rere ki waho, ki roto rānei i te āputa onepū matua i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa. Ka angiangi haere te matua onepū kōpae, ka whaiti haere te ara hau, ā, ka piki ake te ātete rere. I tētahi wā, ina tere te ruku o te rino rewa ki te matua onepū kōpae, ka pakaru mai he nui te hau; ka pā atu rānei te rino rewa pāmahana teitei ki te papatipu onepū wai nui (te ranunga onepū kāore i te ōrite) ki tētahi wāhi, ka puta he pahūtanga hau, he ahi ārai me te hanga pūaha ārai; I tētahi atu wā, ka uru te hau pēhanga teitei kua hangaia ki te rino rewa, ka rere ake, ka mawhiti. Ina kore e taea e te pokepokea te tuku i te hau i te wā tika, ka horapa te hau ki roto i te paparanga hau i waenganui i te rino rewa me te mata o raro o te pokepokea o runga, ka noho i tētahi wāhanga o te wāhi i runga i te mata o runga o te kōpae. Mena kei te totoka te rino rewa, he nui rānei te matotoru, ā, ka ngaro te rere, kāore e taea te whakakī anō i te wāhi e nohoia ana e te hau, ka waiho ngā pūaha mata. I te nuinga o te wā, ki te kore e taea e te hau i hangaia e te matua te rere ake me te puta i roto i te rino rewa i te wā tika, ka noho tonu ki te mata o runga o te kōpae, i ētahi wā ka kitea hei pūwero kotahi, i ētahi wā ka kitea i muri i te pupuhi pupuhi hei tango i te unahi waikura, ā, i ētahi wā ka kitea i muri i te miihini, ka moumou taima tukatuka. Ina matotoru te matua o te kōpae parai, ka roa te wā ka piki ake te rino rewa i roto i te matua kōpae ka ruku i te matua kōpae. I mua i te ruku, ka nui ake te wā o te hau i hangaia e te matua ki te rere noa ki te mata o runga o te matua mā te āputa onepu, ā, he iti hoki te ātete ki te rere ki waho, ki roto rānei i te taha whakapae. Nō reira, he onge te hanga o ngā hapa o te pūwero mata, engari ka puta pea ngā pūwero takitahi. Arā, he rahi nui hei hanga i ngā pūwero ārai, i ngā pūwero mata rānei i waenganui i te matotoru me te matotoru o te matua onepu. Kia iti iho te matotoru o te matua onepu i tēnei rahi nui, ka nui te āhua o ngā pūwero. Ka piki ake tēnei rahi nui me te pikinga o te rahi radial o te kōpae parai me te angiangi o te matua kōpae. He mea nui te pāmahana e pā ana ki te pūwero. Ka tomo te rino rewa ki te kōhao pokepokea ai mai i te pūwero o roto, ka karo i te pūtake o waenganui ina whakakīia te kōpae, ā, ka tūtaki ki te ritenga atu o te pūwero o roto. Nā te roa o te tukanga, ka heke te pāmahana, ka piki ake te matotoru, ka poto te wā whai hua mō ngā mirumiru ki te rere me te tuku, ā, ka totoka te rino rewa i mua i te tukunga katoa o te hau, nō reira ka ngāwari te puta o ngā pūwero. Nō reira, ka taea te whakaroa i te wā whai hua o te mirumiru ki te rere me te tuku mā te whakanui ake i te pāmahana o te rino rewa i te kōpae e ritenga atu ana o te pūwero o roto.
