He rama mā ngā rama hiku e whakanohoia ana kia tata rawa atu ki te kei o te poti, ā, e whakaatu ana i te mārama e kore e mutu. Ka whakaatuhia he pewa mārama whakapae o te 135° i roto i te 67.5° mai i muri tonu i te kaipuke ki ia taha. Ko te tawhiti tirohanga he 3 me te 2 nm e hiahiatia ana e te kāpene. Whakamahia hei whakaatu i te hihiri o te ake kaipuke me te tautuhi i te hihiri o ētahi atu kaipuke, me te whakarato
Rama tūnga o muri: he rama e whakamahia ana hei tohu i te aroaro me te whānui o te waka ina tirohia mai i muri o te waka;
Tohu tahuri whakamuri: he rama hei tohu ki ētahi atu kaiwhakamahi rori i muri ka tahuri te waka ki matau, ki maui rānei;
Rama Pēki: Ngā rama e tohu ana ki ētahi atu kaiwhakamahi rori i muri i te waka kei te pēki te waka;
Rama kohu o muri: ngā rama e mārama ake ai te waka ina tirohia mai i muri i te waka i roto i te kohu matotoru;
Rama whakamuri: Ka whakamārama i te rori i muri i te waka, ā, ka whakatūpato i ētahi atu kaiwhakamahi rori kei te whakamuri, kei te tata rānei te waka te whakamuri;
Whakaata-muri o muri: He taputapu e tohu ana i te aroaro o tētahi waka ki tētahi kaimātaki e tata ana ki te pūtake mārama mā te whakaata i te mārama mai i tētahi pūtake mārama o waho.
Pūtake mārama kanapa
Ko te rama mura he momo pūtake mārama werawera, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hiko hei whakamahana i te taura kia mura, kia puta ai te mārama, ā, ko te mārama e tukuna ana he whānuitanga tonu. Ko te rama muri o te motuka tuku iho me te pūtake mārama mura he mea hanga ki ngā wāhanga e whā: te pūtake mārama mura, te whakaata parabolic kotahi, te tātari me te whakaata tohatoha mārama. He māmā te hanganga o ngā rama mura, ā, he ngāwari ki te whakamahi, ā, koinei ngā pūtake mārama e whakamahia whānuitia ana, he pumau te putanga me te iti o te huringa o te pāmahana taiao. [2]
arahina
Ko te kaupapa matua o te diode emitting light-emitting, i raro i te piko whakamua o te diode hononga, ka haere ngā irahiko i te rohe N me ngā kōhao i te rohe P mā te hononga PN, ā, ka honoa anō ngā irahiko me ngā kōhao ki te tuku i te mārama. [2]
pūtake rama neon
Ko te kaupapa tuku mārama o te pūtake mārama neon he whakamahi i tētahi papa hiko ki ngā pito e rua o te ngongo tuku kua whakakiia ki te hau kore mahi hei whakaputa tuku tonu. I roto i tēnei tukanga, ka tukuna e ngā ngota hau rangatira kua whakaohokia ngā photon ka tukuna te mārama ina hoki ki te āhua taketake. Mā te whakakī i ngā hau rangatira rerekē ka taea te tuku mārama o ngā tae rerekē.
