Ko ngā rama o mua o ngā motuka he mea tito i ngā wāhanga e toru: he pūrama rama, he whakaata, me te whakaata ōrite (he whakaata astigmatism).
1. pūangi
Ko ngā pūangi e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā rama motuka he pūangi incandescent, he pūangi halogen tungsten, he rama pewa kanapa teitei hou, me ētahi atu.
(1) Pūangi mura: he mea hanga tōna miro ki te waea tungsten (he teitei te ira rewa o te tungsten, ā, he kaha te mārama). I te wā e hangaia ana, hei whakanui ake i te roa o te mahi a te pūangi, ka whakakīia te pūangi ki te hau kore mahi (te hauota me tōna ranunga o ngā hau kore mahi). Ka taea e tēnei te whakaiti i te mimiti o te waea tungsten, te whakanui ake i te pāmahana o te miro, me te whakarei ake i te pai o te mārama. He kowhai te tae o te mārama mai i te pūangi mura.
(2) Rama halide Tungsten: Ka whakauruhia te pūrama halide Tungsten ki roto i te hau kore mahi ki roto i tētahi huānga halide (pērā i te iodine, te chlorine, te fluorine, te bromine, me ētahi atu), mā te whakamahi i te kaupapa o te tauhohenga hangarua halide tungsten, arā, ko te hau tungsten e mimiti ana mai i te miro ka tauhohe ki te halogen hei whakaputa i te halide tungsten pupuhi, ka horapa ki te wāhi pāmahana teitei e tata ana ki te miro, ā, ka pirau i te wera, kia hoki ai te tungsten ki te miro. Ka haere tonu te halogen kua tukuna ki te horapa me te whai wāhi ki te tauhohenga huringa e whai ake nei, kia haere tonu ai te huringa, ā, ka ārai i te mimiti o te tungsten me te mangu o te miro. He iti te rahi o te pūrama halogen Tungsten, he mea hanga te anga o te pūrama ki te karāhe quartz me te ātete pāmahana teitei me te kaha miihini teitei, i raro i te mana kotahi, ko te kanapa o te rama halogen tungsten he 1.5 ngā wā i te rama mura, ā, ko te roa o te ora he 2 ki te 3 ngā wā.
(3) Rama pewa hou kanapa-teitei: Kāore he miro tuku iho o tēnei rama i roto i te pūangi. Engari, e rua ngā irahiko ka whakanohoia ki roto i tētahi ngongo quartz. Ka whakakīia te ngongo ki te xenon me ngā konganuku iti (ngā halide konganuku rānei), ā, ina nui te ngaohiko pewa i runga i te irahiko (5000 ~ 12000V), ka tīmata te hau ki te whakakoi me te kawe hiko. Kei roto ngā ngota hau i te āhua whakaohooho, ā, ka tīmata te tuku mārama nā te whakawhiti taumata pūngao o ngā irahiko. I muri i te 0.1 hēkona, ka mimiti te iti o te kohu mercury i waenga i ngā irahiko, ā, ka whakawhitia tonutia te pūtake hiko ki te tukunga pewa mercury, kātahi ka whakawhitia ki te rama pewa halide i muri i te pikinga o te pāmahana. I muri i te taenga o te mārama ki te pāmahana mahi noa o te pūangi, he tino iti te mana o te pupuri i te tukunga pewa (tata ki te 35w), nō reira ka taea te penapena i te 40% o te pūngao hiko.
