Papamuri hītori
I te rautau 19, i te tere o te whanaketanga o te pūnaha tāke, i tukinotia kinotia ngā kaimahi e ngā pūnaha tāke mā te whakanui ake i te wā mahi me te kaha o te mahi kia nui ake ai te uara tāpiri hei whai hua. Neke atu i te 12 hāora te roa o te mahi a ngā kaimahi i te rā, ā, he tino kino ngā āhuatanga mahi.
Te whakaurunga o te rā mahi waru hāora
I muri i te rautau 19, inā koa nā te kaupapa Chartist, kua whānui haere te pakanga a te hunga mahi o Peretānia. I te marama o Hune 1847, i whakamanahia e te Paremata o Peretānia te Ture Rā Mahi tekau-hāora. I te tau 1856, i whakamahia e ngā kaimahi keri koura i Melbourne, Ahitereiria o Peretānia, te korenga o ngā kaimahi, ā, i whawhai mō te rā mahi waru-hāora. I muri i te tekau tau atu i 1870, i toa ngā kaimahi Peretānia i ētahi ahumahi i te rā mahi e iwa-hāora. I te marama o Hepetema 1866, i tū te huihuinga tuatahi a te International Tuatahi ki Geneva, i reira, i runga i te whakaaro a Marx, "ko te here ture o te pūnaha mahi te taahiraa tuatahi ki te whanaketanga hinengaro, te kaha tinana me te whakaoranga whakamutunga o te hunga mahi," i whakamanahia te whakataunga "kia tohe mō ngā haora e waru o te rā mahi." Mai i taua wā, kua whawhai ngā kaimahi i ngā whenua katoa ki ngā kaitātari moni mō te rā mahi waru-hāora.
I te tau 1866, i whakaarohia e te Huihuinga o Geneva o te Ao Tuatahi te pepeha o te rā waru hāora. I roto i te pakanga a te hunga mahi o te ao mō te rā waru hāora, ko te hunga mahi o Amerika te kaiārahi. I te mutunga o te Pakanga Tūmatanui o Amerika i ngā tau 1860, i whakapuakina e ngā kaimahi o Amerika te pepeha "whawhai mō te rā waru hāora". I horapa tere te pepeha, ā, i nui te awe.
Nā te kaupapa mahi o Amerika i ārahi, e ono ngā whenua i whakamana i ngā ture e whakahau ana i te waru hāora o te rā mahi i te tau 1867. I te marama o Hune 1868, i whakamanahia e te Runanga o te Hononga o Amerika te ture ā-motu tuatahi mō te waru hāora o te rā mahi i roto i te hītori o Amerika, ā, ka whai mana te waru hāora o te rā mahi ki ngā kaimahi kāwanatanga. I te tau 1876, i whakakorea e te Kōti Matua te ture ā-motu mō te waru hāora o te rā mahi.
1877 I tū te porotēhi ā-motu tuatahi i roto i te hītori o Amerika. I puta te hunga mahi ki ngā tiriti ki te whakaatu ki te kāwanatanga kia whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga mahi me te noho, me te tono kia poto ake ngā hāora mahi me te whakaurunga o te waru hāora ia rā. I raro i te pēhanga nui a te kaupapa mahi, i akiakihia te Runanga o Amerika ki te whakamana i te ture waru hāora ia rā, engari i te mutunga ka noho ko te ture he reta mate.
I muri i te tekau tau atu i 1880, ka noho te pakanga mō te waru hāora o te rā hei take matua i roto i te kaupapa mahi a Amerika. I te tau 1882, i whakaarohia e ngā kaimahi Amerika kia tohua te Mane tuatahi o Hepetema hei rā whakaaturanga tiriti, ā, i whawhai tonu rātou mō tēnei. I te tau 1884, i whakatau te huihuinga AFL ko te Mane tuatahi o Hepetema hei Rā okiokinga ā-Motu mō ngā kaimahi. Ahakoa kāore tēnei whakatau i pā tika ki te pakanga mō te waru hāora o te rā, i akiaki i te pakanga mō te waru hāora o te rā. Me whakamana e te Runanga tētahi ture e hanga ana i te Mane tuatahi o Hepetema hei Rā Mahi. I te marama o Tīhema 1884, hei whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te pakanga mō te waru hāora o te rā, i hanga anō e te AFL tētahi whakataunga hītori: "Kua whakatau ngā Uniana Kaimahi Whakahaere me ngā Rōpū Mahi i te Hononga o Amerika me Kanata, mai i te 1 o Mei, 1886, ko te rā mahi ture he waru hāora, ā, e taunaki ana ki ngā whakahaere Mahi katoa i te Rohe kia whakarerekētia ā rātou mahi kia rite ki tēnei whakataunga i te rā kua whakahuatia."
Te pikinga tonu o te kaupapa mahi
I te marama o Oketopa 1884, e waru ngā rōpū kaimahi o te ao me te motu i te Hononga o Amerika me Kānata i tū he hui ki Chicago, te Hononga o Amerika, hei whawhai mō te whakatinanatanga o te "rā mahi waru hāora", ā, i whakatau rātou ki te whakarewa i tētahi pakanga whānui, ā, i whakatau rātou ki te whakahaere i tētahi porotēhi whānui i te 1 o Mei, 1886, me te akiaki i ngā kaipūtea ki te whakatinana i te rā mahi waru hāora. I tautoko me te whakautu hihiri te akomanga kaimahi o Amerika puta noa i te motu, ā, i uru atu ngā mano tini o ngā kaimahi i roto i ngā tāone maha ki te pakanga.
I whiwhi te whakataunga a te AFL i te urupare hihiri mai i ngā kaimahi puta noa i te Hononga o Amerika. Mai i te tau 1886, kua whakahaerehia e te akomanga mahi o Amerika ngā whakaaturanga, ngā porotēhi, me ngā whakahē hei akiaki i ngā kaitukumahi ki te whakamahi i te waru hāora mahi i te rā i mua i te 1 o Mei. I tae te pakanga ki tōna taumata i te marama o Mei. I te 1 o Mei, 1886, 350,000 ngā kaimahi i Chicago me ētahi atu tāone o te Hononga o Amerika i whakahaere i tētahi porotēhi whānui me te whakaaturanga, e tono ana kia whakatinanahia he 8 hāora mahi i te rā, me te whakapai ake i ngā tikanga mahi. I roto i te pānui porotēhi a te Kotahitanga o ngā Kaimahi, i kīia, "E ara ake, e ngā kaimahi o Amerika! I te 1 o Mei, 1886, tukua ā koutou taputapu, tukua ā koutou mahi, katihia ā koutou wheketere me ā koutou maina mō te rā kotahi i te tau. He rā whakakeke tēnei, ehara i te wā wātea! Ehara tēnei i te rā e whakaritea ai te pūnaha whakataurekareka i te Reipa o te ao e te kaikorero whakahīhī. He rā tēnei e hanga ai ngā kaimahi i ā rātou ake ture, ā, e whai mana ana ki te whakatinana! … Koinei te rā ka tīmata ahau ki te pārekareka ki ngā hāora e waru o te mahi, ngā hāora e waru o te okiokinga, me ngā hāora e waru o taku ake mana whakahaere."
I haere ngā kaimahi ki te porotēhi, ā, i aukati i ngā ahumahi nui o te Hononga o Amerika. I mutu te rere o ngā tereina, i kati ngā toa, ā, i hiritia ngā whare putunga katoa.
Engari i pehia te mahi a ngā mana whakahaere o Amerika, he tokomaha ngā kaimahi i mate, i hopukina, ā, i wiri te whenua katoa. Nā te tautoko whānui a te iwi whānui o te ao whānui me te pakanga tonu a te hunga mahi o te ao, i whakapuakina e te kāwanatanga o Amerika te whakatinanatanga o te rā mahi waru hāora i te marama i muri mai, ā, i toa tuatahi te kaupapa a ngā kaimahi o Amerika.
Te whakatūnga o te Rā Mahi o te Ao i te 1 o Mei
I te marama o Hūrae 1889, i tū te huihuinga o te International Tuarua, i raro i te kaiārahi a Engels, ki Parī. Hei whakamaumahara i te "May Day" a ngā kaimahi o Amerika, e whakaatu ana "E ngā kaimahi o te ao, kia kotahi!" Nā te mana nui i whakatairanga te pakanga a ngā kaimahi i ngā whenua katoa mō te waru hāora mahi o te rā, i paahitia e te hui he whakataunga, i te 1 o Mei, 1890, i tū he parade a ngā kaimahi o te ao, ā, i whakatau kia whakaritea te 1 o Mei hei rā mō te International Labor Day, arā, ko te "Mei 1 International Labor Day" ināianei.
I te 1 o Mei, 1890, i ārahi te hunga mahi i Ūropi me te Hononga o Amerika ki te haere ki ngā tiriti ki te whakahaere i ngā whakaaturanga nunui me ngā huihuinga hei whawhai mō ō rātou tika me ō rātou hiahia. Mai i taua wā, i ia wā i tēnei rā, ka huihui te hunga mahi o ngā whenua katoa o te ao, ka tū hei whakanui.
Te Kaupapa Reipa o te Rā o Mei i Rūhia me te Uniana Sōviete
I muri i te matenga o Engels i te marama o Ākuhata 1895, ka tīmata te mana o ngā kaiwhakahauhau i roto i te Tuarua o ngā Ao, ā, ka huri haere ngā rōpū kaimahi o te Tuarua o ngā Ao ki ngā rōpū whakahounga bourgeois. I muri i te pakarutanga o te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, ka nui ake te tūkino a ngā kaiārahi o ēnei rōpū i te kaupapa o te ao whānui proletarian me te hapori, ā, ka noho hei hunga whakahīhī hapori hei tautoko i te pakanga imperialist. I raro i te pepeha "te tiaki i te whenua matua," ka akiakihia e rātou ngā kaimahi o ngā whenua katoa kia uru atu ki te patu porangi tetahi ki tetahi hei painga mō ō rātou ake bourgeoisie. Nō reira, ka pakaru te whakahaere o te Tuarua o ngā Ao, ā, ka whakakorehia te Rā o Mei, he tohu mō te kotahitanga proletarian o te ao. I muri i te mutunga o te pakanga, nā te pikinga ake o te nekehanga hurihuri proletarian i roto i ngā whenua imperialist, ko ēnei kaiwhakahauhau, hei āwhina i te bourgeoisie ki te pehi i te nekehanga hurihuri proletarian, kua mau anō i te haki o te Tuarua o ngā Ao ki te tinihanga i te hunga mahi, ā, kua whakamahia ngā huihuinga me ngā whakaaturanga o te Rā o Mei ki te hora i te awe whakahounga. Mai i taua wā, mō te pātai me pēhea te whakanui i te "Rā o Mei", kua ara ake he pakanga koi i waenganui i ngā Marxist hurihuri me ngā reformist i ngā huarahi e rua.
I raro i te kaiārahi o Lenin, i hono tuatahi te rōpū kaimahi o Ruhia i te whakanui i te "Rā Mei" me ngā mahi hurihuri o ngā wā rerekē, ā, i whakanuia te hakari ā-tau "Rā Mei" me ngā mahi hurihuri, ā, i tino waiho te 1 o Mei hei hakari mō te hurihanga o te ao kaimahi. Ko te whakanui tuatahi i te Rā Mei e te rōpū kaimahi o Ruhia i te tau 1891. I te Rā Mei 1900, i tū ngā huihuinga me ngā whakaaturanga a ngā kaimahi ki Petersburg, Moscow, Kharkiv, Tifris (ināianei ko Tbilisi), Kiev, Rostov me te maha atu o ngā tāone nui. I runga i ngā tohutohu a Lenin, i te tau 1901 me te 1902, i tino whanake ngā whakaaturanga a ngā kaimahi o Ruhia e whakanui ana i te Rā Mei, mai i ngā hīkoi ki ngā pakanga toto i waenganui i ngā kaimahi me te ope taua.
I te marama o Hūrae 1903, i whakatūria e Rūhia te rōpū Marxist tuatahi o te ao e whawhai pono ana. I tēnei Huihuinga, i tuhia e Lenin tētahi tauira whakataunga mō te tuatahi o Mei. Mai i taua wā, kua uru te whakanuinga o te Rā o Mei e te rōpū Rūhia, me te kaiārahi o te Rōpū, ki tētahi wāhanga hurihuri ake. Mai i taua wā, kua tū ngā whakanuinga o te Rā o Mei i ia tau i Rūhia, ā, kua piki haere tonu te kaupapa mahi, tae atu ki ngā tekau mano o ngā kaimahi, ā, kua puta ngā pakanga i waenganui i te marea me te ope taua.
Nā te wikitoria o te Huringa o Oketopa, ka tīmata te hunga mahi o te Rōpū Hōia ki te whakanui i te Rā Mahi o te Ao i te Rā o Mei i roto i tō rātou ake rohe mai i te tau 1918. I tīmata hoki te hunga mahi o te ao katoa i te ara pakanga hurihuri mō te whakatutukitanga o te mana whakahaere o te hunga mahi, ā, ka tīmata te hakari "Rā o Mei" ki te noho hei kaupapa tino hurihuri me te whawhai.te taunga i roto i ēnei whenua.
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Wā tuku: Mei-01-2024